Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin Using Penicillin G Acylase (PGA): A Systematic Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhet.v5i3.1141Keywords:
Amoxicillin; Penicillin G acylase; enzymatic synthesis; β-lactam; biocatalyst; Systematic Literature Review.Abstract
Amoxicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin using Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is an alternative to conventional chemical synthesis because it has high selectivity and can proceed under milder reaction conditions. This study aims to examine the development of enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin using PGA, strategies to increase synthesis efficiency, and obstacles encountered in the process. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by reviewing 15 journals that discuss the enzymatic synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics, especially the use of PGA in amoxicillin synthesis. Data were analyzed descriptively and comparatively based on the synthesis method, type of biocatalyst, reaction system, process improvement strategy, and research results. The results of the study indicate that the efficiency of amoxicillin synthesis can be improved through enzyme immobilization and engineering, optimization of reaction conditions, the use of ionic liquids, in situ product removal, and one-pot and batch reactor reaction systems. However, several challenges remain, such as low substrate concentration, suboptimal synthesis yields, side hydrolysis reactions, and crystallization and clogging of immobilized PGA. Overall, the use of PGA has great potential for the development of enzymatic amoxicillin synthesis, but optimization of the biocatalyst and reaction system is still needed to support larger-scale applications.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Asyafa Nursyahada, Ahmad Wibisana , Ignasius Agyo Palmado, Iin Hardiyati, Nurvidian Khasanah
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